TSHR and Graves disease: The two main ATDs are Graves disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) that are characterized by hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis, respectively, by the production of thyroid autoantibodies such as thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG), and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), as well as by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid (1).