HFD-induced obesity in mice has been reported as a good model for human obesity because it is associated with liver fat accumulation; elevated BWs, lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, insulin and leptin secretion; and decreased body antioxidant levels18, similar to the characteristics observed in HFD-induced untreated obese mice in this study. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.