IL4 and infection: Concurrently, we analyzed mucosalproduction of key cytokines that promote Giardia clearance,such as IL-6 and IL-17A [27, 28],compared with those that resembled the profile of prolonged infections inchildren (increased IL-4) [28] (Fig 1J).Corresponding to persistent infection, mice fed PD demonstrated a trend towarddecreased IL-6, IL-17A, and IL12p40, with a significant increase in IL-4(P<0.05 for IL-4), irrespective of Giardia infection.