SMPD1 and autoimmune disease: Aberrant CD4+ T-cell responses have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, and also associated with disease courses.63, 64 Therapeutic interventions targeting pathogenic T cells have been introduced clinically for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, with promising clinical efficacy.65 Besides its role in regulation of innate immune cell functions, ASM activity is associated with T-cell signals and Th responses, and may involve in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.