ACTA1 and cholestasis: Common bile duct ligation (BDL) on the other hand causes periportal biliary fibrosis, cholestasis, and hyperproliferation of biliary epithelial cells promoting expression of fibrogenic markers such as TGFβ1, α-SMA, TIMP-1 and α-SMA, consequently involved in ROS generation and hepatic damage, whereas carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection chemically induces liver fibrosis via promotion of lipid peroxidation, free radical reactions, necrosis of centrilobular hepatocytes, inflammation, and liver fibrosis [104,105].