Furthermore, the present study clearly demonstrated that the positive association of increased serum adiponectin with the presence of AAC thus far reported in pre-dialysis CKD patients could not be explained by the apparent increase of serum adiponectin due to the impaired renal excretion of adiponectin into urine, as hemodialysis patients without any appreciable residual renal function exhibited a significant, independent, and positive association between serum adiponectin and AAC. This evidence concerns the gene ADIPOQ and chronic kidney disease.