Because the enrolled hemodialysis patients had lost almost all residual renal function and thus could not produce a significant difference in the apparent increase of serum adiponectin due to impaired renal function, the present study clearly shows that increased serum adiponectin is by itself a positive factor associated with the prevalence of AAC and thus a definite risk for CVD in patients with CKD. This evidence concerns the gene ADIPOQ and chronic kidney disease.