The present cross-sectional observational study demonstrated that higher serum adiponectin, but not leptin, was significantly and positively associated with the prevalence of AAC in male hemodialysis patients, suggesting higher serum adiponectin as a definite risk for AAC, independent of other risk factors for AAC, such as age, percentage body fat, hemodialysis duration, presence/absence of DM, and serum levels of calcium, phosphate, intact PTH, and hs-CRP. The gene discussed is LEP; the disease is diabetes mellitus.