SACC-PHHs prepared with hepatocytes from a pooled donor were established in 96-microwell plates (Fig. 4a) and exposed to HBVcc 10 days following infection, HBsAg, HBeAg and human albumin, with the latter serving as a marker of cellular functionality, were secreted uniformly with minimal variation (coefficient of variation for HBsAg = 15.57%, HBeAg = 16.61%, human albumin (hAlb) = 17.58%) across the entire plate (Fig. 4b–d). Here, ALB is linked to infection.