In a mixed model with adjustment for sex, geographical origin, HIV transmission routes, age, year of cART initiation and baseline value of biomarkers (CD4+ cell count, CD8+ cell count, and viral load), the recovery of biomarkers over time on cART (increasing in CD4+ cell count and CD4:CD8 ratio; decreasing in CD8+ cell count and viral load) was significant for all investigated biomarkers and irrespective to TB (Table 2) (Fig. 2). Here, CD8A is linked to tuberculosis.