In addition to these results, PCR array analysis of 96 genes in DCs stimulated by β-SQDG18 (6) showed an up-regulation of CD40 ligand, IL-27 and other interleukins (e.g. IL-1α and IL-1β, IL-18) that work synergistically to induce Th1 cells and play a major role in resistance to bacterial and viral infections, as well as to tumours (Supplementary Material). This evidence concerns the gene IL18 and viral infectious disease.