TNF and deep vein thrombosis: MCs contain both inhibitors of coagulation, such as heparin and tPA, which could be expected to inhibit thrombosis, and proinflammatory mediators, such as histamine and tumor necrosis factor-α, which could exert a prothrombotic effect given that DVT is an immunothrombosis and its mechanisms involve inflammatory components.45 This made it initially difficult to predict which of the pathways would turn out to be more important for DVT.