TNF and retinal degeneration: A mice model [DKO; Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2(−/−))/CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (Cx3cr1(−/−) mice on Crumbs homolog 1 retinal degeneration phenotype 8 (Crb1(rd8) background] showed a more retinal expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), iNOS and VEGF and developed focal retinal lesions including photoreceptor and RPE degeneration [38].