In our study, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1) was upregulated in the T1DM group with T1DM/control ratio of 1.45 (S1 Table); BDH1 catalyzes the interconversion of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, which are two ketone bodies produced from fatty acid catabolism. Here, BDH1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.