Despite the peak of Th1 cytokines observed during TB-IRIS events [13], reduced concentrations of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, IL-3, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-15, and IL-17A have been reported before ART initiation in individuals developing TB-IRIS compared to controls with TB and HIV coinfection [20]. The gene discussed is IL15; the disease is tuberculosis.