IRS1 and diabetes mellitus: The mechanisms of berberine in diabetes and inflammation include: regulating JNK and PPAR-α pathway, influencing transcriptional factors expression, such as PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, SREBP-1c, LXR, and modulating IRS-1, Akt, and AMPK signal pathway (Zhang et al., 2008; Lou et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2012; Deng and Xie, 2014).