TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Given that obesity is considered as a kind of chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by increased cytokine levels in the circulation and at local sites (Lee and Lee, 2014), we examined mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines-TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6-, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in adipose and hepatic tissues of untreated and DGLHD-treated ob/ob mice.