TNF and HIV infectious disease: These results are in line with Jason et al. (2002) outcomes who examined IL-10 to TNF-α concentration ratio in African children in relation to HIV infection status, the presence of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine scarring, and vitamin A level in the plasma (reduced <10 μg/dL or normal ≥20 μg/dL).