P-gp overexpression was also detected in astrocytes and/or dysplastic neurons in common pathological causes of refractory epilepsy, including dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNT), HS, and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) (32, 84, 88, 91–93). The gene discussed is PGP; the disease is dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor.