Compared to normal cybrids, the AMD cybrids showed significant upregulation of apoptosis genes (Figure 3a): BAX (30.8%), Caspase-3 (125.7%) Caspase-7 (181.3%), and Caspase-9 (82.8%); autophagy genes (Figure 3c): ATG5 (54.4%), ATG12 (130.5%), LAMP2 (184.5%), LC3B (513.8%), PARK2 (326.3%), and MFN1 (741.2%); and ER stress genes (Figure 3e): DDIT3 (633.9%), eIF2 (66.2%), and XBP1 (220.2%). Here, ATG12 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.