The following six key areas relating to the use of native vitamin D and that remain controversial were highlighted: (1) vitamin D and PTH levels in the general population, (2) cholecalciferol in CKD, (3) vitamin D in CVD, (4) vitamin D and renal bone disease, (5) vitamin D in rheumatological diseases affecting the kidney, (6) vitamin D and kidney transplantation. Here, PTH is linked to chronic kidney disease.