Moreover, the TGF-β-stimulated SMAD2/3 signaling pathway is active in the peritoneum and genes associated with tumorigenesis (MAPK8, CDC6), EMT (Notch1), angiogenesis (ID1, ID3) and neurogenesis (CREB1) are all found to be upregulated in the peritoneum of women affected with endometriosis (115). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and endometriosis.