TNF and infectious otitis media: While the levels of all cytokines remained significantly elevated in the serum of AOM-treated mice fed cholestyramine-enriched chow compared to vehicle-treated mice, levels of CCL2 and TNFα were significantly reduced while IL-6 was significantly increased in cholestyramine-fed AOM-treated mice compared to AOM-treated mice on a control diet (Figures 2A–C).