To test utility of biphasic CLARITY for pathological human specimens, with potentially different tissue properties due to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, or other disease-related responses42, identical processing was performed on samples obtained from pediatric subjects with multi-year histories of type 1 diabetes mellitus, revealing catastrophic loss of insulin-expressing cells and islets pathognomonic for type 1 diabetes mellitus (Fig. 4e)43. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.