Of these 16 genes, four were significantly downregulated (Cacna2d2, 0.5-fold; Kcnj5, 0.7-fold; Myoz2, 0.7-fold; and Sln, 0.7-fold) and three were significantly upregulated (Atp2a2, 1.6-fold; Csrp3, 1.8-fold; and Gja3, 1.6-fold) in the persistent atrial fibrillation cohort compared to either the susceptibility or the control cohorts (Table 6). This evidence concerns the gene SLN and atrial fibrillation.