The estimated glomerular filtration rate was lower in DSPN compared to T1DM without DSPN (P = 0.006), the Albumin-Creatinine Ratio (ACR) was higher in DSPN compared to T1DM without DSPN (P = 0.03) and controls (P = 0.004), although median values for controls, T1DM without DSPN and with DSPN were all within the normal range. The gene discussed is ALB; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.