ICAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: After inhalation and deposition in the epithelium of the respiratory tract and lungs, particles are capable of moving into interstitial spaces between cells, followed by induction of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α/β, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and markers of endothelial adhesion, such as soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), that can lead to endothelial dysfunction [5,6].