A pathologic role of TSP1 up-regulation in the ventricular septal defect is unclear but may be related to the constitutive impairment of the TGF-β signaling associated with alterations of migration of neural crest cells [185] that contribute to the formation of the septum part, which separates the pulmonary circulation from the aorta [186]. Here, THBS1 is linked to ventricular septal defect.