CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: These include the loss of p53 associating with increased PDL-1 expression in NSCLC in vivo mouse models and cell lines [66], Ras-MAPK regulation of PDL-1 expression in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) [67] and melanoma mouse models and cell lines [68,69], as well as MAPK regulation of TIM-3 expression [70].