Immunohistochemistry revealed that the rats with type 2 diabetes developed moderate renal inflammation, including many macrophage infiltration and a significant upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (Figure 3(a)), which was attenuated by treatment with SYFSF. Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.