In turn, we hypothesized that short-term (i.e., 4 weeks) changes in 1) elevated protein intake (EPI) that is 20% of daily calorie intake) compared to the 2) recommended level of protein intake (RPI) that is approximately 10% of daily calorie intake) would not have any measurable negative influence on hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profiles in older individuals with metabolic syndrome. This evidence concerns the gene INS and metabolic syndrome.