GDNF-AS1 and Alzheimer disease: It was revealed that the mature GDNF peptide was reduced while the transcript GDNFOS1 upregulated in the postmortem middle temporal gyrus of patients suffering from AD when compared with those of normal controls, indicating the dysregulation of GDNF and GDNFOS might further implicate in other human brain diseases (Airavaara et al., 2011).