IL6 and vitamin D deficiency: In a study conducted on 100 normotensive and 100 pre-eclamptic women, both plasma vitamin D deficiency (OR 4.2, 95% CI: 1.4–12.8, p = 0.04) and interleukin-6 elevation (OR 4.4, 95% CI: 1.8–10.8, p < 0.01) were independently associated with PE.