TGFA and osteosarcoma: However, it was reported that TGF-α promoted osteosarcoma metastasis by inducing ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and activated the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway and eradication of these two, either by siRNA or specific inhibitors, proved to be effective in reducing TGF-α-stimulated osteosarcoma cell migration [53].