In line with these results, expression of many core autophagy genes was higher in AMLs with complex karyotype compared with other AML subgroups (Supplementary Figure S3B).27 When patients were categorized according to ELN criteria28 in favorable, intermediate-I, -II and adverse-risk groups, AML CD34+ cells belonging to adverse-risk group had significantly higher levels of autophagy compared with the intermediate- or favorable-risk AMLs (Figure 3c). This evidence concerns the gene CD34 and acute myeloid leukemia.