Defective autophagy may contribute to inflammation via the NF-κB pathway in cancer and other diseases.53 Specifically, p62 directly stimulates the NF-κB pathway by interacting with TRAF6.54 In M2 macrophages, autophagy selectively degrades NF-κB RELA/p65, and thus reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines.55 In contrast, impaired autophagosome clearance and the consequent p62 accumulation might lead to the induction of proinflammatory responses. This evidence concerns the gene RELA and cancer.