The patients enrolled in the first three pramlintide studies reported here were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes with a mean duration of ≥12 years, had mean baseline HbA1c levels ≥9.0 % while using insulin, and were overweight (mean weight, 94 kg; mean body mass index, 32–33 kg/m2), corresponding to an increased risk of cardiovascular events, which may be as high as 2–3 times that of the general population [23]. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.