The efficacy of pramlintide in improving post-meal hyperglycemia and long-term glycemic control (−0.6 % HbA1c reduction vs. placebo [12, 13]) in inadequately controlled diabetes in combination with insulin, without weight gain (or with weight loss), can plausibly help reduce the hyperglycemia-mediated cardiovascular risk, but that has not been formally tested. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.