FMR1 and tuberous sclerosis: ASD patients were screened and accepted based on the following criteria: ASD patients if they have no other conditions (i.e. trauma, stroke, seizure disorders) affecting the central nervous system other than ASD; if they have no features of other known genetic conditions (e.g. tuberous sclerosis); Fragile X patients if they are genotypically confirmed for the CGG repeat number of the FMR1 mutation; idiopathic autism patients who are negative for FMR1 mutation and chromosomal abnormality; if they possess an IQ of 40 or greater, and if they are 8-year-old or above.