Compared to the infection status where an extensive pro-inflammatory cytokine production from both ILC3 and Th17 cells was induced in PFOS treated mice (Fig. 5), only the induction of IL-22 from ILC3 and Th17 cells was consistently found in PFOS treated group under the steady state (Figure S7A, S7C, S7E and S7G). Here, IL22 is linked to infection.