To eliminate the possibility that this improvement in NOX2 inhibition by cholestanol conjugation of gp91ds-TAT was attributed to cholestanol-PEG linker per se, we conjugated the cholestanol PEG-linker to a scrambled gp91ds-TAT (Sgp91ds-TAT) and examined its effect against influenza infection in vivo. Here, TAT is linked to influenza.