LCN2 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Previous studies have demonstrated that urinary NGAL, CLU, and CysC are promising biomarkers for tubular injuries in CKDs [14, 15], AKIs [12, 31], or nephrotoxic lesions [32], specifically reflecting proximal and distal, distal, and proximal tubular injuries, respectively; however, the diagnostic performance for renal impairment in T2DM and the temporal characteristics of appearance in the urine have rarely been investigated in clinical subjects.