These renoprotective associations may represent an early adaptive response of the kidneys to the diabetic state in which the higher plasma BK concentrations found in T1D lead to activation of B2R [11,12,24], prompting release of nitric oxide, prostanoids, prostaglandins and prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors that are largely protective under physiologic conditions [25, 26]. Here, KNG1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.