PCDH8 and infection: According to a molecular definition previously suggested by Johnson et al. [53], we defined E. coli isolates as ExPEC based on the presence of ≥2 virulence associated genes (VAGs) including P fimbrial genes papA and papC, S frimbriae genes sfa/foc, afimbrial adhesion genes afa/dra, group 2 polysaccharide capsule gene kpsMTII and iron acquisition gene iutA. However, many VAGs were only discovered after the “ExPEC-definition” had been suggested in 2003 or were found to be of relevance in ExPEC infections after this time point [54–60].