The TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad3 mRNA levels (Figures 9(a), to 9(c)) were significantly increased in the HF group (P < 0.01) as compared to the sham group, while those in SFI groups were dramatically lower than the HF group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). This evidence concerns the gene SMAD3 and hydrops fetalis.