MSR1 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Results showed that the granuloma size and fibrosis in the liver and intestine (Fig. 1b–f and Supplementary Fig. 1c) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) (Fig. 1g) were lower in SR-A-deficient mice than those in WT mice on S. japonicum infection, while the integrity of the gut epithelium was more seriously damaged (Fig. 1f), and accompanied by the development of lethal endotoxemia (Supplementary Fig. 1d) in S. japonicun-infected SR-A-deficient mice.