TSC2 and urinary bladder carcinoma: TSC and S-LAM are caused by inactivating mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2 (Cheadle et al., 2000), genes that are also mutated in some cancers, particularly bladder carcinoma (Sjödahl et al., 2011; Pymar et al., 2008; Guo et al., 2013).