GH1 and Cognitive impairment: For example, many TS cognitive deficits are maintained throughout development despite considerable fluctuations in levels of circulating hormones across the lifecourse; moreover, cognitive deficits are not alleviated to any significant extent by the administration of oestrogens, androgens or growth hormone (e.g. Freriks et al., 2015 [53]), and women with premature ovarian failure who exhibit similar hormonal profiles to women with TS do not present with a similar constellation of cognitive deficits [54].