FOS and Timothy syndrome: Hence, the parallel assessment of brain structure, and function at various levels (e.g. electrophysiological, neurochemical via in vivo microdialysis, or imaging via c-fos immunohistochemistry or fMRI) during performance of such tasks, in TS and RASopathy models will enable high resolution of the aberrant neural circuitry underlying any cognitive phenotype; such predictions may then be tested experimentally through techniques such as optogenetics or DREADDs.