GSTM1 and malaria: Although the SLE patients constituted a distinct cross-sectional cohort, the incidence of anti-hHb reactivity was in general agreement with previous data from our lab (17); while anti-Hb antibody levels were also significantly elevated in sera of malaria patients, antibodies in sera from rheumatoid arthritis patients and vitiligo patients did not exhibit such reactivity (Figure 1A).