For example, Pullen et al. (2008) showed decreases in IL-6, while Creswell et al. (2012) reported no change in IL-6; Rosenkranz et al. (2013) showed that more meditation practice was associated with lower TNF-α, while Black et al. (2013) reported an increase in TNF-α mRNA expression after yogic meditation; and Witek-Janusek et al. (2008) reported increases in IFN-γ activity in breast cancer patients, while Carlson et al. (2003) reported a decrease in a similar population. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and breast carcinoma.