In this context, it will be important in the future to address whether HIPK2 plays opposing roles depending on the stages of tumour development (for example, preventing initiation but accelerating progression) as has also been proposed for NRF2.60 Interestingly, HIPK2 also controls the levels of Notch1,61 a well-known factor with a dual role in cancer, which in common with NRF2, can act as both tumour suppressor and oncogene, depending on the context,62, 63, 64, 65 adding strength to the idea of a context-dependent role for HIPK2 in cancer. This evidence concerns the gene NOTCH1 and neoplasm.