Concerning signal transduction pathways, an early activation predominantly of the Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)- and Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB) pathways has been observed in prion disease models, determined by the up-regulation of STAT- and NFkB-responsive genes, including many cytokines and chemokines, as well as by the detection of increased phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 specifically (Llorens et al., 2014; Carroll et al., 2015). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is prion disease.