ATG5 and liver cancer: Metastatic models of lung and liver cancer using tail vein or splenic administration of B16 or MC38 tumor cells revealed that treatment with anti-TGF-β1 neutralizing antibodies suppressed the formation of macroscopic metastatic foci in Atg5flox/flox mice, whereas it had little effect on metastatic lesions in LysM-Atg5-/- mice (Fig 3B).