INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: To the best of our knowledge, potential pathophysiological mechanisms by which NAFLD may cause atherogenesis are unclear, but increased visceral adipose tissue (particularly periaortic fat thickness (PAFT) a subtype of perivascular fat with local pathogenic action on blood vessels), insulin resistance, disturbance in lipoprotein metabolism (apolipoprotein B), and subsequently, release of inflammatory cytokines from the liver can play an important role.